Long term side effects of lamictal - The initial use of lamotrigine was to treat people with depressed, manic and mixed states that did not respond to existing medications. Some patients are now being maintained on lamotrigine on a long term basis in an attempt to prevent future episodes. Evidence regarding the effectiveness of lamotrigine as a long-term prophylactic agent is ...

 
lamotrigine (Lamictal); lithium (Eskalith, Eskalith CR, Lithobid) ... The body can develop dependence if used long term. Side effects. Side effects of stimulants include: problems with sleep; poor .... Still

lamotrigine (Lamictal) for seizures and bipolar disorder can cause a rare but very serious reaction that excessively activates the body’s infection-fighting immune system. This can cause severeLamictal Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Warnings: Rarely, serious (sometimes fatal) skin rashes have occurred while taking this medication. These rashes are more common in children than ... Serious long-term side effects that Lamictal can cause include: multiorgan hypersensitivity syndrome and organ failure hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (a potentially fatal immune system reaction)Feb 13, 2018 · Adverse effects. Lamotrigine’s adverse effect profile is similar to placebo in all categories except sleep disruption. 1 This often presents as vivid dreams and can be minimized by dosing in the morning and using behavioral methods to deepen sleep. Other adverse effects usually improve with dose reduction. Difficulties in swallowing the ... Very common side effects of taking lamotrigine (affecting more than one in ten people) include: headaches; skin rashes; Common side effects of taking lamotrigine (affecting up to one in ten people) include: feeling aggressive, agitated or irritable; feeling sleepy, tired or drowsy; insomnia (having difficulty sleeping) feeling dizzy; shaking or ...Lamictal rash is a possible side effect of the medication lamotrigine, which is sold under the brand name Lamictal. It can be a mild rash or a more serious rash as a result of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. It is important to contact your doctor as soon as you experience any side effects of Lamictal, including a rash.Long Term Effects for Lamotrigine. Sun, 08/21/2016 - 14:16. Topic: Living With Epilepsy - Adults. I have been on Lamotrigine for the past year at 300MG per day. I have started to experience major mood swings, headaches and dizziness, anger problems as well as memory and attention issues. I'm starting to look into the long term effects of this ...It is estimated that between 5% and 10% of people who take this medication will develop skin rashes and/or have unbearable side effects (i.e. aseptic meningitis, fever, fatigue, etc.). In many cases, the side effects associated with this medication outweigh the benefits of taking it.Lamotrigine did not work in acute mania; it did not work in acute bipolar depression; and it did not work in rapid cycling. But bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic condition, and that is where the medication succeeded: in the maintenance phase. The 2 positive studies looked at lamotrigine in the long term, over 1 and a half years.Jun 1, 2023 · Descriptions. Lamotrigine is used alone or together with other medicines to help control certain types of seizures (eg, partial seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in the treatment of epilepsy. This medicine cannot cure epilepsy and will only work to control seizures for as long as you continue to take it. I have been on Lamictal for a long time now and it helps me greatly. It had some side effects in the beginning tho. Increase in sexdrive, appetite fluxtuation, insomnia, and mild dehydration were mine. Every drug effects everybody differently tho. I haven't had any long term side effects from this drug.lamotrigine (Lamictal) for seizures and bipolar disorder can cause a rare but very serious reaction that excessively activates the body’s infection-fighting immune system. This can cause severeOct 31, 2014 · Many short-term side effects subside after a few weeks (once your body has gotten used to the drug). Long-term: Some individuals may take the drug for an extended period of time and be tolerating it fine, and then notice side effects that become problematic after a year or two. Usually over the long term an individual has increased their dosage ... Lamotrigine Pregnancy Warnings. Animal studies have shown developmental toxicity at doses estimated to be lower than those used clinically. Pregnant rats administered 3 doses (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) during the latter part of gestation had increased offspring mortality (including stillbirths) at all doses. The lowest effect dose for peri/postnatal ...Jun 18, 2023 · In long-term studies of at least 48-weeks in adults, increased from baseline in mean fasting cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides were 5.6 mg/dL, 2.5 mg/dL, and 18.7 mg/dL, respectively. Mean increases in fasting lipid values (total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides) were greater in patients without evidence of lipid dysregulation at baseline. Mar 31, 2023 · Lamotrigine is rapidly absorbed and peak levels are reached within 1.5 to 4.8 hours of administration. The effects of lamotrigine last for over 24 hours, and once-daily dosing is often prescribed. However, some doctors prefer to split the dose to decrease the risk of side effects such as drowsiness. 7. Jan 24, 2016 · Mood or behavior changes, such as depression, anxiety, agitation, hostility, restlessness, mental or physical hyperactivity, suicidal thoughts. Common side effects of lamotrigine that are not emergencies but should also be reported to your doctor include: Headache or dizziness. Blurred or double vision. Dry mouth. Descriptions. Lamotrigine is used alone or together with other medicines to help control certain types of seizures (eg, partial seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in the treatment of epilepsy. This medicine cannot cure epilepsy and will only work to control seizures for as long as you continue to take it.Abstract. Effective treatment of epilepsy depends on medication compliance across a lifetime, and studies indicate that drug tolerability is a significant limiting factor in medication maintenance. Available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have the potential to exert detrimental effects on cognitive function and therefore compromise patient wellbeing.Side effects include: Immediate-release lamotrigine (the active ingredient contained in Lamictal CD ) as adjunctive anticonvulsant therapy in adults: dizziness, headache , diplopia, ataxia, nausea , blurred vision, somnolence, rhinitis, pharyngitis , rash.Feb 13, 2018 · Adverse effects. Lamotrigine’s adverse effect profile is similar to placebo in all categories except sleep disruption. 1 This often presents as vivid dreams and can be minimized by dosing in the morning and using behavioral methods to deepen sleep. Other adverse effects usually improve with dose reduction. Difficulties in swallowing the ... Traditional AEDs such as valproate and enzyme-inducing AEDs (EIAEDs) may produce high incidences of decreased libido. Recently, sexual function changes related to new AEDs have been reported. Topiramate, pregabalin and gabapentin may cause SD, whereas oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine and levetiracetam may improve sexual function. Sep 13, 2021 · Summary. Common side effects of Lamictal XR include: ataxia, skin rash, headache, insomnia, and nausea. Other side effects include: infection, dyspepsia, abnormal gait, constipation, and drowsiness. Continue reading for a comprehensive list of adverse effects. Applies to lamotrigine: oral tablets conventional, oral tablets extended-release film ... Lamictal Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Warnings: Rarely, serious (sometimes fatal) skin rashes have occurred while taking this medication. These rashes are more common in children than ...Lamictal Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Warnings: Rarely, serious (sometimes fatal) skin rashes have occurred while taking this medication. These rashes are more common in children than ... Definitely a very bad side effect was the degeneration of my teeth, my dentist implied it was quite common, a marked improvement since I stopped taking them in 2018. It does not seem to be listed there. My general bone density is poor after many seizures over the years, especially my rib cage and skull, I have reached a limit one more seizure ...Although ophthalmological testing was performed in 1 controlled clinical trial, the testing was inadequate to exclude subtle effects or injury occurring after long-term exposure. Moreover, the capacity of available tests to detect potentially adverse consequences, if any, of lamotrigine's binding to melanin is unknown.Lamotrigine can also cause other side effects. More common side effects. The more common side effects that can occur with use of lamotrigine include: dizziness; drowsiness; headache; double vision ...Dec 1, 2021 · Definitely a very bad side effect was the degeneration of my teeth, my dentist implied it was quite common, a marked improvement since I stopped taking them in 2018. It does not seem to be listed there. My general bone density is poor after many seizures over the years, especially my rib cage and skull, I have reached a limit one more seizure ... For example, it is known that side effects like: ataxia, blurred vision, double vision, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting – are substantially more likely to occur among persons taking Lamictal at dosages of 500 mg per day – compared to persons taking Lamictal at dosages of 300 mg per day.For Healthcare Professionals General. The more commonly reported adverse reactions have included dizziness, headache, diplopia, ataxia, nausea,... Immunologic. In cases of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), patients have presented with signs of systemic... Hypersensitivity. Nervous system. ...The typical starting dosage is 0.01 to 0.03 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of body weight per day. This is divided into two or three doses per day. Your child’s doctor can determine the right ...But Lamictal does give me low red blood cell counts, for which I take a B12 supplement. If Lamictal (or some other cause) has led to a B12 deficiency, that could explain a number of your symptoms. A B12 deficiency can cause: --weakness, tiredness or light-headedness. --rapid heartbeat and breathing.Mar 11, 2023 · Common (1% to 10%): Arthralgia, blood creatinine phosphokinase increased/creatine phosphokinase increased, muscle rigidity, muscle spasms, muscle twitching, musculoskeletal stiffness, myalgia, pain in extremity. Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Mobility decreased, muscle tightness, muscular weakness, musculoskeletal rigidity. Lamotrigine can be used to treat the following partial seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, bipolar I disorder maintenance and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Off-label uses include treating acute bipolar depression, fibromyalgia, schizophrenia, and unipolar depression. This activity covers lamotrigine, including mechanism of action, pharmacology, adverse event profiles, eligible ...Submitted by sportz_nut on Fri, 2009-05-01 - 16:46. I can't think of any long term for Lamictal, it has been my savior the past 8 years, as for Keppra, I don't know if it has and effect on the body, I do know that if your freind has trouble sleeping give them a Keppra, they should be out like a light. "My side effect from Keppra anyway".Lamotrigine is rapidly absorbed and peak levels are reached within 1.5 to 4.8 hours of administration. The effects of lamotrigine last for over 24 hours, and once-daily dosing is often prescribed. However, some doctors prefer to split the dose to decrease the risk of side effects such as drowsiness. 7.Descriptions. Quetiapine is used alone or together with other medicines to treat bipolar disorder (depressive and manic episodes) and schizophrenia. Quetiapine extended-release tablet is also used together with other antidepressants to treat major depressive disorder. This medicine should not be used to treat behavioral problems in older adult ... Blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin chills cough dark urine diarrhea fever general feeling of discomfort or illness headache itching joint pain loss of appetite memory loss muscle cramps, pain, or weakness red or irritated eyes runny nose shivering small red or purple spots on the skin ...4. Narcotic painkillers . 5. Sleeping aids . 6. Incontinence drugs . 7. Antihistamines (first generation) How they can affect memory: Benzodiazepines dampen activity in key parts of the brain, including those involved in the transfer of events from short-term to long-term memory.Jan 2, 2023 · Common side effects of Depakote include: abdominal pain, asthenia, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, and anorexia. Other side effects include: abnormality in thinking, alopecia, ataxia, nystagmus disorder, tremor, weight loss, fever, and skin rash. Continue reading for a comprehensive list of adverse effects. Applies to divalproex sodium: oral ... Oct 26, 2022 · These include dizziness, headache, and nausea. Other Lamictal side effects are rare but more serious. These include rash, low blood cell levels, and an increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Lamictal has a boxed warning for serious, life-threatening rash. Feb 13, 2018 · Adverse effects. Lamotrigine’s adverse effect profile is similar to placebo in all categories except sleep disruption. 1 This often presents as vivid dreams and can be minimized by dosing in the morning and using behavioral methods to deepen sleep. Other adverse effects usually improve with dose reduction. Difficulties in swallowing the ... The initial use of lamotrigine was to treat people with depressed, manic and mixed states that did not respond to existing medications. Some patients are now being maintained on lamotrigine on a long term basis in an attempt to prevent future episodes. Evidence regarding the effectiveness of lamotrigine as a long-term prophylactic agent is ... For Anxiety "I have taken lamotrigine for years with no side effects. It takes approximately 1.5-2 months for lamotrigine to take full effect. Side effects are typically avoided by starting at very low doses (I started at 25 mg once a day) and slowly increasing the dose over time.Lamictal is available in generic form as lamotrigine. Lamotrigine, also known as Lamictal, is a medication used to treat several different types of seizures. Typically, it is used as an add-on medicine for adults whose partial seizures are not well controlled by another seizure medicine. Learn about Lamotrigine’s usage, side effects, and ...Serious long-term side effects that Lamictal can cause include: multiorgan hypersensitivity syndrome and organ failure hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (a potentially fatal immune system reaction)Mar 20, 2017 · Results. Treatment efficacy was observed at week 4, with the improved HSDS scores sustained until week 52 for all types of BP; 50% of the patients with any type of BP could be treated with LTG for 1 year, whereas ~40% could be treated for >1.5 years. However, 25% of the patients were withdrawn within the first 4 weeks. Descriptions. Quetiapine is used alone or together with other medicines to treat bipolar disorder (depressive and manic episodes) and schizophrenia. Quetiapine extended-release tablet is also used together with other antidepressants to treat major depressive disorder. This medicine should not be used to treat behavioral problems in older adult ...Aug 1, 2023 · dryness of the mouth. feeling of warmth and redness of the face, neck, arms, and occasionally chest. heartburn. increased sweating. increased urination. itching of the vagina. trouble sleeping. Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional. Lamotrigine side effects. Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction (hives, difficult breathing, swelling in your face or throat) or a severe skin reaction (fever, sore throat, burning eyes, skin pain, red or purple skin rash with blistering and peeling).Other side effects include: infection, dyspepsia, abnormal gait, constipation, and drowsiness. Continue reading for a comprehensive list of adverse effects. Applies to lamotrigine: oral tablets conventional, oral tablets extended-release film-coated, oral tablets for oral suspension, oral tablets orally disintegrating.Add Gift Card. Check Gift Card status and balance. Our major shipping carriers have informed us to expect temporary service disruptions due to COVID-19 impacts & natural weather situations across the U.S. As a result, shipments may experience delays. Cart (6) Price. 5HSSLD21159-DPIBLUE-OS. SKU. At first I was just on abilify— a pretty high dose— and while it kept me free from hypomania, it didn’t really do much for the depression. Lamictal, on the other hand, has worked wonders in that respect. Very little side effects— I wake up nauseous but it fades after about an hour, and it’s definitely worth it. Jun 1, 2023 · Descriptions. Lamotrigine is used alone or together with other medicines to help control certain types of seizures (eg, partial seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in the treatment of epilepsy. This medicine cannot cure epilepsy and will only work to control seizures for as long as you continue to take it. Similarly, long term risk is a subjective matter, though perhaps less so than the common immediate side effects. Lamotrigine gets a ” + +” because its main risk, the rash, was listed as an immediate side effect problem; beyond 8 weeks the rash risk falls to very low levels.Abstract. Effective treatment of epilepsy depends on medication compliance across a lifetime, and studies indicate that drug tolerability is a significant limiting factor in medication maintenance. Available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have the potential to exert detrimental effects on cognitive function and therefore compromise patient wellbeing.Jun 1, 2023 · Descriptions. Lamotrigine is used alone or together with other medicines to help control certain types of seizures (eg, partial seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in the treatment of epilepsy. This medicine cannot cure epilepsy and will only work to control seizures for as long as you continue to take it. To date, there are no known problems associated with long term use of lamotrigine. It is a safe and effective medication when used as directed. It is important to note that some of the side effects listed above (particularly rash and suicidal thoughts) may continue to occur or worsen if you continue taking the medication.I have been on Lamictal for a long time now and it helps me greatly. It had some side effects in the beginning tho. Increase in sexdrive, appetite fluxtuation, insomnia, and mild dehydration were mine. Every drug effects everybody differently tho. I haven't had any long term side effects from this drug. Lamotrigine and sleep issues tend to go hand-in-hand according to some scientific reports. Of course, this doesn’t mean everyone using Lamictal will automatically have insomnia. Today we’re going to look into the main Lamotrigine side effects and how it affects your sleep. Finding the right medication for any ailment is often a complicated ... Sep 13, 2021 · Summary. Common side effects of Lamictal ODT include: ataxia, skin rash, headache, insomnia, and nausea. Other side effects include: infection, dyspepsia, abnormal gait, constipation, and drowsiness. Continue reading for a comprehensive list of adverse effects. Applies to lamotrigine: oral tablets conventional, oral tablets extended-release ... redness of the face, neck, arms and occasionally, upper chest. shakiness and unsteady walk. sudden death. trouble concentrating. trouble sleeping. unconsciousness. unsteadiness, trembling, or other problems with muscle control or coordination. unusual paleness. Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention.Summary. Common side effects of Lamictal ODT include: ataxia, skin rash, headache, insomnia, and nausea. Other side effects include: infection, dyspepsia, abnormal gait, constipation, and drowsiness. Continue reading for a comprehensive list of adverse effects. Applies to lamotrigine: oral tablets conventional, oral tablets extended-release ...Although ophthalmological testing was performed in 1 controlled clinical trial, the testing was inadequate to exclude subtle effects or injury occurring after long-term exposure. Moreover, the capacity of available tests to detect potentially adverse consequences, if any, of lamotrigine's binding to melanin is unknown.Mood or behavior changes, such as depression, anxiety, agitation, hostility, restlessness, mental or physical hyperactivity, suicidal thoughts. Common side effects of lamotrigine that are not emergencies but should also be reported to your doctor include: Headache or dizziness. Blurred or double vision. Dry mouth.Very common side effects of taking lamotrigine (affecting more than one in ten people) include: headaches; skin rashes; Common side effects of taking lamotrigine (affecting up to one in ten people) include: feeling aggressive, agitated or irritable; feeling sleepy, tired or drowsy; insomnia (having difficulty sleeping) feeling dizzy; shaking or ...Lamotrigine did not work in acute mania; it did not work in acute bipolar depression; and it did not work in rapid cycling. But bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic condition, and that is where the medication succeeded: in the maintenance phase. The 2 positive studies looked at lamotrigine in the long term, over 1 and a half years.Many people can take lamotrigine safely for several months or years. But there are some side effects that might happen over a long time. Long-term treatment with lamotrigine can cause osteoporosis and osteopenia, increasing your risk of breaking a bone. Your doctor can arrange for tests to check your bone strength.Took that to new provider and she explained for the first time that I was Bp2. I don't know that, that's lamictal. It takes about a week to hit your system and a bit longer to feel the full impacts, which should apply to dosages down too. I can normally get 3 or so days without it before I start to feel off.There are a number of factors that can make this happen. You’re probably mindful of side effects ― stomach pains, headaches, lethargy ― that pop up in the first days or weeks after beginning a new medication. However, you might not realize drugs can actually cause new side effects months or years after starting a regimen, even if your ...Lamotrigine and sleep issues tend to go hand-in-hand according to some scientific reports. Of course, this doesn’t mean everyone using Lamictal will automatically have insomnia. Today we’re going to look into the main Lamotrigine side effects and how it affects your sleep. Finding the right medication for any ailment is often a complicated ... For Healthcare Professionals General. The more commonly reported adverse reactions have included dizziness, headache, diplopia, ataxia, nausea,... Immunologic. In cases of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), patients have presented with signs of systemic... Hypersensitivity. Nervous system. ...Oct 26, 2022 · These include dizziness, headache, and nausea. Other Lamictal side effects are rare but more serious. These include rash, low blood cell levels, and an increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Lamictal has a boxed warning for serious, life-threatening rash. Nov 5, 2019 · It’s used for long-term treatment of the more severe type of bipolar disorder, ... The more common side effects of Lamictal in people treated for bipolar I disorder include: nausea; Lamictal is rapidly absorbed and peak levels are reached within 1.7 to 4.8 hours of administration. The effects of Lamictal last for over 24 hours and once-daily dosing is often prescribed. However, some doctors prefer to split the dose to decrease the risk of side effects such as drowsiness. 7.The Four Most Commonly Used Types of Medications That Dampen Brain Function. 1. Benzodiazepines. This class of medication is often prescribed to help people sleep, or to help with anxiety. They do work well for this purpose, but they are habit-forming and have been associated with developing dementia. It is estimated that between 5% and 10% of people who take this medication will develop skin rashes and/or have unbearable side effects (i.e. aseptic meningitis, fever, fatigue, etc.). In many cases, the side effects associated with this medication outweigh the benefits of taking it.Abdominal or stomach pain (severe) blurred vision, aching, burning, or swollen eyes. chest pain. confusion. discomfort while urinating or frequent urination. fever. hallucinations or seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not there. itching. mental depression or other mood or mental changes.Aug 3, 2021 · Lamotrigine did not work in acute mania; it did not work in acute bipolar depression; and it did not work in rapid cycling. But bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic condition, and that is where the medication succeeded: in the maintenance phase. The 2 positive studies looked at lamotrigine in the long term, over 1 and a half years. The clinical features of these psychiatric side effects are: affective switches, full acute psychotic episodes, and hallucinations. In conclusion, lamotrigine is an effective drug, very useful in the therapy of epilepsy and mood disorders, but clinicians have to be aware of the risk that it can induce psychiatric symptoms or acute episodes.

I take lamotrigine for 1,5 years, it was added to my lithium and wellbutrin. It made me much more stable and it took the most of the depression away. It made such a difference, I can handle so much more. I still got major mood swings but I bounce back to normal much faster. And normal is longer. . Taft stettinius and hollister llp

long term side effects of lamictal

Geriatric Although appropriate studies on the relationship of age to the effects of lamotrigine have not been performed in the geriatric population, geriatric-specific problems are not expected to limit the usefulness of lamotrigine in the elderly.The long-term consequences of this are unknown. Lamotrigine is known to affect sleep. ... In addition, lamotrigine shares few side effects with other, unrelated ...Jun 1, 2023 · Blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin chills cough dark urine diarrhea fever general feeling of discomfort or illness headache itching joint pain loss of appetite memory loss muscle cramps, pain, or weakness red or irritated eyes runny nose shivering small red or purple spots on the skin ... Mar 31, 2023 · Lamotrigine is rapidly absorbed and peak levels are reached within 1.5 to 4.8 hours of administration. The effects of lamotrigine last for over 24 hours, and once-daily dosing is often prescribed. However, some doctors prefer to split the dose to decrease the risk of side effects such as drowsiness. 7. About lamotrigine Who can and cannot take it How and when to take it Side effects Pregnancy, breastfeeding and fertility Taking lamotrigine with other medicines and herbal supplements Common questions The long-term consequences of this are unknown. Lamotrigine is known to affect sleep. ... In addition, lamotrigine shares few side effects with other, unrelated ...At first I was just on abilify— a pretty high dose— and while it kept me free from hypomania, it didn’t really do much for the depression. Lamictal, on the other hand, has worked wonders in that respect. Very little side effects— I wake up nauseous but it fades after about an hour, and it’s definitely worth it. I take lamotrigine for 1,5 years, it was added to my lithium and wellbutrin. It made me much more stable and it took the most of the depression away. It made such a difference, I can handle so much more. I still got major mood swings but I bounce back to normal much faster. And normal is longer. Many short-term side effects subside after a few weeks (once your body has gotten used to the drug). Long-term: Some individuals may take the drug for an extended period of time and be tolerating it fine, and then notice side effects that become problematic after a year or two. Usually over the long term an individual has increased their dosage ...The most commonly observed side effects were dizziness, somnolence, diplopia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, ataxia, abnormal vision, abdominal pain, tremor, dyspepsia, abnormal gait, headache, balance disorder, and asthenia. In clinical trials in children aged 1 month to 4 years, the most commonly reported side effect was somnolence.Feb 13, 2023 · Lamotrigine can be used to treat the following partial seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, bipolar I disorder maintenance and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Off-label uses include treating acute bipolar depression, fibromyalgia, schizophrenia, and unipolar depression. This activity covers lamotrigine, including mechanism of action, pharmacology, adverse event profiles, eligible ... .

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